The Language Machines

The modern AI era has a spine, and it is written in language models: words became vectors, attention became the transformer, scale became a law, human feedback became alignment, and chat became reasoning and agents. Everything else in AI either borrows from this lineage or defines itself against it.

This book is a paper-by-paper chronicle of that lineage. Every core equation appears twice — once in LaTeX, once in plain English — and every chapter ends with the product story: how the method became a business.